Anti-HIV agents

ABSTRACT

Anti-HIV agents are disclosed. The agents comprise as the active component one of ligand molecules that bind to CD87. Examples of such ligand molecules included the high molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its amino-terminal fragment, their analogues and anti-CD87 antibodies.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to anti-HIV agents, and particularly toagents for inhibiting reproduction of HIV in an individual infected withthe virus.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

HIV, the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is anRNA virus that belongs to Lentivirus of Retroviridae family. Infectionand reproduction of HIV takes place in the following manner. At first,an envelope protein of the HIV particle, gp120 (glycoprotein 120), bindsto CD4 on the surface of target cells. Thus bound Gp120 and CD4 thenbind to a chemokine receptor (primarily, CCR5 on macrophages or CXCR4 onT cells), which serves as a co-receptor, to form a complex consisting ofgp120, CD4 and the chemokine receptor. This is followed by binding ofanother envelope protein, gp41, to the plasma membrane of the targetcell. This leads to fusion of the envelope with the cell membrane, andthe core of the virus thereby enters the cell. Once in the cell, HIV isuncoated and a double-stranded provirus DNA is synthesized using thetemplate RNA genome by reverse transcriptase brought in by the virus.The provirus DNA then integrate into the host cell chromosomal DNA withthe help of integrase, which also is a viral enzyme. Using the LTR (longterminal repeat) at the 5′ end of the provirus as a promoter,transcription of the incorporated provirus gives viral mRNA. SeveralmRNAs of different length are produced in this process, which aredivided into two groups, i.e., mRNAs for synthesis of viral proteins andone used as the viral genomic RNA. The viral proteins include, forexample, structural proteins for forming viral particles, and proteinsfor accelerating replication of the virus. For example, a viral proteinTat binds to the 5′ LTR region of the provirus incorporated in thehost's genome and by so doing increases production of viral RNAtranscript as much as several hundredfold. On the other hand, thestructural proteins for forming viral particles associate with the viralgenome RNA within the cell, near the cell membrane, to assemble viralparticles. The viral particles thus assembled are then released out ofthe cell through budding. The mechanisms of assembling and budding arestill not well known. In the released particles, a protease isactivated, processing takes place, and this gives mature, infectiousviral particles. HIV rapidly reproduces by repeating the whole processconsisting of binding to CD4 on the target cells, integration into thehost's chromosomal DNA, replication, budding and maturation. Along withreproduction of HIV, destruction of host's CD4-positive cells takesplace. To cope with this, the host induces rapid propagation of freshCD4-positive cells to fill up the loss. The dynamic equilibrium providedby this will last several years after infection, but sooner or later thesupply of CD4-positive cells will become unable to catch up with theloss, resulting in a total breakdown of the immune system and occurrenceof various symptoms of AIDS.

In an individual infected with HIV, a variety of immune reactions occurin order to get rid of HIV. Among them are, for example, production ofneutralizing antibodies to the viral antigens, and elimination ofinfected cells by cytotoxic T cells. It is also known that some humoralfactors produced by CD8-positive cells play important roles in keepingHIV-infected individuals to stay within the symptom-free period [Levy,J. A., et al., Immunol. Today, 17: 217-224(1996), Fauci, A. S., Nature,384: 529-534(1996)]. Among such factors, chemokines (RANTES, MIP-α, 1β,SDF-1) and IL-16 have been identified so far. They, however, do notprovide sufficient basis needed for fully explaining the anti-HIVactivity derived from CD8-positive cells, suggesting involvement of someunidentified HIV-suppressive factors.

Chemokines act to inhibit HIV from entering target cells (macrophagesand T cells). On the other hand, there are also reports suggesting thatchemokines accelerate HIV replication in macrophages. IL-16 is known tosuppress the transcription process of HIV, but a very high concentrationof it is thought to be required to exhibit any such effect. Thoughefforts have been made to bring these compounds under development astherapeutics for AIDS, none of them has reached the stage of practicalapplication. Some of unidentified anti-HIV factors, on the other hand,are expected to inhibit the transcription process of HIV. However, aslong as such factors remain unidentified, any of their mechanism ofaction has been staying just a matter of speculation.

Summarized below are inhibition rates of HIV reproduction determinedwith factors of organismic origin that have so far been reported to haveinhibitory activity on HIV.

(1) RANTES (MW=7,851): In a system employing PM1 cells and HIV-1_(BaL)strain; 5% at 0.78 ng/mL (=0.1 nM), 50% at 1.56 ng/mL (=0.2 nM), and 90%at 3.12 ng/mL (=0.4 nM) [Cocchi, F. et al., Science270:1811-1815(1995)].

(2) MIP-1α (MW=7,717): In the same system as used for RANTES above; 0%at 3.12 ng/mL, 5% at 6.25 ng/mL (=0.8 nM), and 50% at 12.5 ng/mL (=1.6nM)[Cocchi, F. et al., supra].

(3) MIP-1β (MW=7,819): In the same system as used for RANTES above; 0%at 0.78 ng/mL, 5% at 1.56 ng/mL (=0.2 nM), 15% at 3.12 ng/mL (=0.4 nM),and 60% at 6.25 ng/mL (=0.8 nM)[Cocchi, F. et al., supra].

(4) IL-16 (MW=12,422): 61% at 40-70 ng/mL (˜1 nM) and 76% at 400˜700ng/mL (=10 nM), respectively for active tetramer, and 50% at 20 μg/mLfor monomer [Baier, M. et al., Nature 378:563(1995), Amiel, C. et al.,J. Infect. Dis. 179:83-91(1999)].

(5) MDC (MW=7,936): 20% at 25 ng/mL (=3.15 nM), 50% at 50 ng/mL (=6.3nM), and 78% at 200 ng/mL (=25 nM)[Pal, R. et al., Science278:695-698(1997)].

(6) SDF-1 (MW=8,698): 30% at 500 ng/mL (=57.5 nM) and 60% at 1 μg g/mL(=115 nM), respectively, when measured as inhibition rate of viruspenetration, and 80-85% at 700 μg/mL (=80.5 nM) when measured asinhibition rate of reproduction [Oberlin, E. et al., Nature382:833-835(1996)].

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (which inhibit provirus formation) andprotease inhibitors (which inhibit maturation of the viral particles)now have found practical application as AIDS therapeutics. Thus, sixnucleoside-based reverse transcriptase inhibitors, twonon-nucleoside-based reverse transcriptase inhibitors and five proteaseinhibitors are now commercially available. Three-drug combinationtherapy (HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy) employing acombination of three of those drugs (in general, two reversetranscriptase inhibitors and one protease inhibitor) has becomeavailable, making it possible to lower blood virus levels belowdetection limit.

However, even such a three-drugs combination therapy can not completelyeliminate HIV from infected individuals. Therefore, in order to preventdevelopment of AIDS, those infected with HIV have to keep taking thosedrugs throughout their lives. To be effective, those drugs must be takenin large amounts, and the time schedule for taking each of them will berigidly fixed. These sometimes make it difficult to take them followingpredetermined schedules, thereby resulting in poor compliance andreduced therapeutic effects. Moreover, it is not unusual for those drugsto cause severe side effects.

On the other hand, mutation takes place quite frequently in HIV. Aresistant strain of virus will thus emerge within several months, inparticular under treatment with a single drug. And, resistant virusrapidly reproduces when a drug treatment is interrupted, making the drugineffective even if the same treatment is resumed. Furthermore, virusthat has become resistant to a drug often acquires multidrug resistancealso to other anti-HIV drugs that act by the same mechanism of action.Therefore, it is critical to prevent emergence of resistant HIV in orderto keep AIDS from developing as well as for its treatment. For thispurpose, it is important to simultaneously suppress HIV at more than onestages of its life cycle. Thus, new types of drugs are needed thatinhibit HIV reproduction at a different stage from those which thepresently used anti-HIV drugs act on. In this respect, some humoralfactors produced by CD8-positive cells are expected to be potentialcompounds for new AIDS therapeutics because those factors, although withunknown mechanism, play a significant role in suppressing HIVreproduction.

If a severe side effect or resistant HIV has appeared during AIDStreatment, it becomes necessary to change the drugs to be administered.However, there is only a poor choice at present. Thus, there is a needfor anti-HIV drugs acting by a different mechanism of action from thoseknown with conventional drugs, in order for widening a choice of AIDStherapeutics and avoiding the problems of resistant HIV.

In this situation, the objective of the present invention is to providea new type of anti-HIV agent that acts by a mechanism of actiondifferent from those already being clinically used or under development.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors isolated CD8-positive cells from a human infectedwith HIV and immortalized and cloned them making use of HTLV-1, and thenpurified an unknown factor that exhibited anti-HIV activity in thesupernatant of the cells, and examined its structure and functions. As aresult, it was revealed that the factor was the amino-terminal fragment(ATF: amino-terminal fragment) of the high molecular weighturokinase-type plasminogen activator. It was also found: (1) that thefactor exhibited anti-HIV activity at a surprisingly low concentration(0.74 ng/mL), (2) that it was effective on both macrophage-tropic and Tcell-tropic strains of HIV, and (3) that it was likely that the factorsuppressed later stages than the stage of translation of viral mRNA inthe HIV life cycle, in particular the stages of assembling of viralparticles or budding. While ATF has a property of specifically bindingto CD87 on the surface of cells, it was also found using healthy humanurine urokinase, that the high molecular weight urokinase-typeplasminogen activator (HMW-uPA), which had been known to include ATFmoiety at an end of its molecule and to be a ligand molecule to CD87,also had anti-HIV activity. In addition, it was confirmed that ATFobtained by decomposing healthy human urine urokinase also had anti-HIVactivity. Moreover, it was found that anti-CD87 antibody had an ATF-likeanti-HIV activity, and that the anti-HIV activity of ATF was mediated bythe same target molecule as the anti-CD87 antibody's target (i.e.,CD87). These findings made it clear that it is possible to suppressreproduction of HIV by blocking CD87 by bringing CD87 on potential HIVhost cells into contact with one of specifically binding ligand moleculesuch as ATF, HMW-uPA or fragments thereof or analogues thereto.

Thus the present invention provides an anti-HIV agent comprising as anactive component a ligand molecule binding to CD87. The ligand is, forexample, the high molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator.Moreover, the ligand molecule may be a fragment of or an analogue to thehigh molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator insofar asthe fragment or the analogue has a specific binding affinity to CD87.Furthermore, the ligand molecule may be the amino-terminal fragment(ATF) of the high molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator,as well as a fragment of or an analogue to ATF having a specific bindingaffinity to CD87. Other examples of the ligand molecule include ananti-CD87 antibody (monoclonal or polyclonal), as well as a fragment ofor an analogue to an anti-CD87 antibody having a specific bindingaffinity to CD87.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising, as an active component, a ligand molecule binding to CD87.Examples of such ligand molecules are as mentioned above. Among suchligand molecules, ATF and fragments thereof or analogues thereto havinga specific binding affinity to CD87 are especially preferred.

The present invention further provides a method for screening for ananti-HIV agent comprising separately bringing compounds to be testedinto contact with CD87 and selecting from the compounds a compound thatspecifically binds to CD87.

The present invention further provides a method for preparing ananti-HIV pharmaceutical preparation comprising the steps of separatelybringing compounds to be tested into contact with CD87 and selectingfrom the compounds a compound that specifically binds to CD87,confirming that the selected compound has an anti-HIV activity, andproviding the compound confirmed to have an anti-HIV activity, as ananti-HIV agent, in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation to beadministered to a human.

The present invention further provides a method for screening for ananti-HIV agent comprising the steps of providing a co-culture systemcomprising cells chronically infected with HIV and non-infected cells,separately performing co-culture after addition of a known concentrationof compounds to be tested to the co-culture system, measuring the amountof the HIV particles released into the supernatant of the co-culture,comparing the measured amount of the HIV particles with the amount ofthe HIV particles released into the supernatant of the co-culture thatis performed without addition of any of the compounds to be tested, andselecting as an anti-HIV agent a tested compound that exhibitsinhibition of release of HIV particles based on the result of thecomparison.

The present invention further provides a method for preparing ananti-HIV pharmaceutical preparation comprising the steps of providing aco-culture system comprising cells chronically infected with HIV andnon-infected cells, separately performing co-culture after addition of aknown concentration of compounds to be tested to the co-culture system,measuring the amount of the HIV particles released into the supernatantof the co-culture, comparing the measured amount of the HIV particleswith the amount of the HIV particles released into the supernatant ofthe co-culture performed without addition of any of the compounds to betested, selecting as an anti-HIV agent a tested compound that exhibitsinhibition of release of HIV particles based on the result of thecomparison, and providing the anti-HIV agent in the form of apharmaceutical preparation to be administered to a human.

The present invention further provides a method for treating anHIV-infected human for suppression of reproduction of HIV in the humancomprising administering to the human an HIV reproduction-suppressiveamount of a ligand molecule binding to CD87. Examples of such ligandmolecules are as mentioned above.

The present invention further provides use of a ligand molecule bindingto CD87 for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition forsuppression of reproduction of HIV in a human infected with HIV.Examples of such ligand molecules are as mentioned above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the primary structures of the urokinase-typeplasminogen activator and ATF.

FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of pSEAP-Basic.

FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of pREP7.

FIG. 4 illustrates the structure of pSBR.

FIG. 5 illustrates the structure of pNL4-3 and the region amplified byPCR.

FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of pSBR-HIV.

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating anti-HIV activity of the eluate fractionsfrom a hydroxyapatite column and the protein concentration correspondingto the fractions.

FIG. 8 is a SDS/PAGE electropherogram of the eluate fractions from ahydroxyapatite column.

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating anti-HIV activity of the eluate fractionsfrom a HiPrep Sephacryl S-100 column loaded with a human urine urokinasebulk material and the protein concentration corresponding to thefractions.

FIG. 10 is a SDS/PAGE electropherogram of the eluate fractions from aHiPrep Sephacryl S-100 column loaded with a human urine urokinase bulkmaterial.

FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the result of an anti-HIV activity assay(p17) in co-culture (T cell lines).

FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the result of an anti-HIV activity assay(p17) in co-culture (macrophage lines).

FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating the result of a SEAP reporter assay inthe culture of non-infected cells (MC141).

FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating the result of a SEAP reporter assay inthe culture of non-infected cells (CL35).

FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating the result of a temporary transfectionassay with infectious HIV-DNA.

FIG. 16 is a graph illustrating the result of a solo-culture assay ofchronically infected cells (U1).

FIG. 17 is a graph illustrating the profile of HIV amount over the daysfollowing acute infection.

FIG. 18 is a group of graphs separately illustrating the suppression ofviral reproduction by ATF on different days after infection.

FIG. 19 is a graph illustrating the effect of anti-CD87 antibody onATF's anti-HIV activity in T cell lines.

FIG. 20 is a graph illustrating the effect of anti-CD87 antibody onATF's anti-HIV activity in macrophage lines

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

CD87, one of the CD antigens, is a membrane protein without anintra-cellular domain and belongs to a GPI(glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor-type family. It is expressed onthe surface of cells such as T cells and monocytes (includingmacrophages). It is known that this protein has high affinity topro-urokinase as well as to the high molecular weight urokinase-typeplasminogen activator, and that it serves as a receptor on the surfaceof such cells as T cells and monocytes. Human CD87 is synthesized atfirst in a prepro-form consisting of amino acids 1-335, from which thesignal peptide moiety (amino acids 1-22) and then the carboxyl terminalamino acids (306-355) are cleaved through processing. To the carboxylterminus (305 Gly) thus created is added a glycolipid (GPI), throughwhich the protein is fixed to the cell membrane. In CD87, it is theN-terminal domain 1 (amino acids 1-92 of CD87) that is playing a mainrole in binding to ligand molecules such as pro-urokinase and the highmolecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator [Seki et al,Seikagaku, 71(5): 350-352 (1999)].

In the present invention, the term “ligand molecule binding to CD87”means any of the compounds having ability of specifically binding toCD87 and includes, but is not limited to, exemplarypolypeptides/proteins such as pro-urokinase, the high molecular weighturokinase-type plasminogen activator, ATF and anti-CD87 antibodies aswell as their fragments or analogues having ability of specificallybinding to CD87, and further includes any other compound having abilityof specifically binding to CD87 and that can be administered to apatient.

HIV is divided into two subtypes, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2are a type of virus that is released from the host by budding, and theyare genetically nearly indistinguishable. They share a common life cycleand reproduce in the same manner. Therefore, there is no need fordistinguishing them from each other in the context of anti-HIV drugs,and actually they are in general viewed as being equivalent in thetreatment with conventional anti-HIV drugs. In the presentspecification, the term “HIV” includes both “HIV-1” and “HIV-2” unlessotherwise mentioned.

The high molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator(HMW-uPA)(FIG. 1(b); amino acids 21-178+amino acids 179-431) is aprotein consisting of two peptide chains linked by a disulfide bond. Thechains, long A and B, are formed by enzymatic cleavage (with plasmin,kallikrein, cathepsin, etc.) between amino acids 178 and 179 ofpro-urokinase, which is formed by removal of the N-terminal signalpeptide (amino acids 1-20) from a single chain protein calledprepro-urokinase (sc-uPA)(FIG. 1(a); amino acids 1-431). HMW-uPAincludes an EGF-like domain, a Kringle domain and a urokinase receptor(CD87) binding domain.

HMW-uPA then is cleaved between amino acids 155 and 156 in vivo, therebygiving rise to the law molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogenactivator (LMW-uPA)(FIG. 1(c); amino acids 156-178 and amino acids179-431) and the amino-terminal fragment (ATF)(FIG. 1(d); amino acids21-155) that has no plasminogen activator activity. Cleavage betweenamino acids 155 and 156 also takes place during incubation in, e.g., aphosphate buffer solution, pH 8. Thus, ATF can be produced by simpleincubation of HMW-uPA in a buffer solution (25-37° C.). ATF includes theEGF-like domain, the Kringle domain and the urokinase receptor (CD87)binding domain of HMW-uPA in their entirety. In the Sequence Listing,the nucleotide sequence encoding sc-uPA and its amino acid sequence areset forth as SEQ ID NO:1 and NO:2, respectively. In the sequences setforth as SEQ ID NO:1 and NO:2, amino acids 1-20 correspond to the signalpeptide, amino acids 21-431 pro-urokinase, amino acids 21-431 (with acleavage between amino acids 178 and 179) HMW-uPA, amino acids 21-155ATF, and amino acids 156-431 (with a cleavage between amino acids 178and 179) LMW-uPA, respectively.

Transmission of HIV between humans is caused by macrophage-tropic HIV.With a lapse of time after infection, T cell-tropic HIV emerges in thosewho infected, which is considered to be a factor relating to a badprognosis. CD87 occurs on both T cells and macrophages and ATFsuppresses HIV reproduction in both of HIV-infected T cells andmacrophages by suppressing release of HIV from those cells. This meansthat ATF will effectively work as an anti-HIV agent irrespective of thelapse of time after infection. In addition, ATF is effective even at avery low concentration (0.74 ng/mL). Therefore, the amount of ATF to beadministered to a patient will be smaller than that of conventionalanti-HIV drugs. This could create less physical burden on patientscaused by administering the agent. HMW-uPA, which includes ATF at its Nterminus, also has anti-HIV activity, although somewhat weaker than thelatter, and can be used in the same manner as ATF. Once administered toan infected patient, HMW-uPA is expected to exhibit anti-HIV activitynot only as it's intact molecule but also in the form of ATF generatedby its cleavage in the body. On the other hand, anti-CD87 antibody,which suppresses HIV reproduction in HIV-infected T cells, is useful forsuppressing HIV reproduction after the emergence of T cell-tropic HIVafter infection.

The test results described below indicate that ATF, which is one of theactive components of the anti-HIV agent of the present invention,suppresses the viral life cycle at later stages than that of translationof viral mRNA, in particular the stages of assembling of viral particlesor budding, a different mechanism of action from those known with otheranti-HIV drugs. ATF does not affect the growth of host cells, thusexhibiting no signs of cytotoxicity. Therefore, ATF used in combinationwith conventional anti-HIV drugs will shift the dynamic equilibrium ofHIV reproduction in an infected patient in the direction in favor of thelatter, and at the same time make it easier to avoid the emergence ofresistant virus and problems of side effects, thus providing improvedtherapy for AIDS.

<Naturally Occurring ATF and Recombinant ATF>

In the present invention, ATF may be prepared, for example, from theurokinase-type plasminogen activator obtained from healthy human urine[Stoppelli, P. M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:4939-4943(1985)]. For example, HMW-uPA is incubated in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH8, containing 0.2 M sodium chloride for about 8 hours or more, and thereaction products are subjected to gel filtration (e.g., SephadexG-100). ATF is obtained by separating eluate fractions corresponding tothe last peak (peak 3: ATF) on the UV absorption curve from thefractions corresponding to preceding peaks, i.e., peak 1 (HMW-uPA) andpeak 2 (LMW-uPA). Further purification may be performed by subjectingthe ATF-containing fractions to ion-exchange chromatography (e.g., MonoS HR5/5 column; 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.8, with a sodiumchloride gradient of 0-1.0 M).

ATF may also be produced as a recombinant peptide by incorporatingATF-encoding DNA into a proper expression vector and then transforming aproper host cells (e.g., E. coli, yeast or mammalian cells) with thevector. As naturally occurring ATF has no sugar chains, a recombinantATF produced by cells transformed using cDNA encoding naturallyoccurring ATF is of the same structure, and therefore has the sameactivity, as naturally occurring ATF. Fragments of or analogous peptidesto ATF or HMW-uPA having ability of specifically binding to CD87 can beprepared, for example, by partial modification of ATF or HMW-uPA, forexample by deletion or addition of one or more amino acid residues fromor to a terminus of their molecules, or by substitution of one or moredifferent amino acids having similar chemical properties. While suchprocessing may be performed chemically, it will be performed much moreeasily by introducing an intended mutation in the cDNA encoding ATF orurokinase-type plasminogen activator using one of well-known techniques.

<Method for Screening Ligand Molecules>

The method of the present invention for screening for an anti-HIV agent,which comprises separately bringing compounds to be tested into contactwith CD87 and selecting from the compounds a compound that specificallybinds to CD87 can be performed using cells carrying CD87 on theirsurface (T cell strains, macrophage strains). Specific binding of atested compound to CD87 can be detected by applying to CD87 any ofdesirable method known in the art for detection of specific binding ofligand molecules to their receptors. For example, a compound to betested is mixed with CD87 produced by recombinant techniques, incubated,and then subjected to immune precipitation with anti-CD87 antibody. Bydetecting co-precipitation of the compound, occurrence of specificbinding can be assessed.

The further method of the present invention for screening for ananti-HIV agent which comprises the steps of providing a co-culturesystem comprising cells chronically infected with HIV and non-infectedcells, separately performing co-culture after addition of a knownconcentration of compounds to be tested to the co-culture system,measuring the amount of the HIV particles released into the supernatantof the co-culture, comparing the measured amount of the HIV particleswith the amount of the HIV particles released into the supernatant ofthe co-culture cultured that is performed without addition of any of thecompounds to be tested, and selecting as an anti-HIV agent a testedcompound that exhibits inhibition of release of HIV particles based onthe result of the comparison, can be performed, for example, referringto the examples described later. As for choice of cells as well as ofmethods employed for determination of the amount of HIV particles in thesupernatant, there is no need to be restricted to the cells and themethods disclosed in the examples, and those who are skilled in the artmay chose any material and method as desired insofar as they aresuitable for the purpose of the present invention.

The anti-HIV agent of the present invention can be administered to thoseinfected with HIV through a parenteral route such as injection orimplantation, as well as by transnasal or transpulmonary application.When the anti-HIV agent of the present invention is prepared in the formof injection, it may be provided as a preparation adapted to, forexample, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular or subcutaneousinjection. For injection, the anti-HIV agent of the present inventionmay be provided in the form of sterile, aqueous or non-aqueous,solution, suspension or emulsion. Examples of aqueous mediums includewater and aqueous solution of one or more pharmaceutically acceptableinert solutes, e.g., salts, polysaccharides or polyalcohols. They may beadjusted to a pH value within a proper range with pharmaceuticallyacceptable buffers. Examples of such aqueous mediums include, but arenot limited to, sodium chloride solution, Ringer-glucose solution,glucose solution, and lactate Ringer solution. In order to improvestability during storage of the preparation, it may be lyophilized.

As for a non-aqueous medium for an injectable preparation, one may useas desired any of non-aqueous mediums conventionally used in parenteralapplication, for example polyalcohols such as glycerol and propyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil, soybeanoil, rapeseed oil), organic esters such as ethyl oleate.

When providing the anti-HIV agent of the present invention in the formof an implant, any carrier for sustained release may be used whichestablishes prolonged release of the employed CD87 ligand molecule suchas ATF. It is preferable to use such a carrier for it would lead toreduction of frequency and/or dose of the ligand molecule administered,to ease of handling, and to enhanced or prolonged effect. Examples ofsuch carriers include, but are not limited to, liposomes, rnicrospheres,and microcapsules made of natural or synthetic polymers. Further,examples of carriers suitable for prolonged and delayed release in mostenvironment include gelatin, gum arabic, xanthan polymer, polylacticacid, polyglycolic acid, and lactate/polyglycolate copolymer.

Transnasal or transpulmonary application (inhalation) is a particularlyeffective way of administration for reducing patient's burden comingfrom administration of drugs. For transnasal or transpulmonaryapplication (inhalation), the anti-HIV agent of the present inventionmay be in any form adapted to spraying and inhalation as fine particles,such as solution or powder. Examples of such preparations include a drypowder consisting of the mixture of a CD87 ligand molecule such as ATFand a carrier and having particle diameter of or less than 10 μm.Examples of such carriers used for this purpose include monosaccharidessuch as glucose and fructose, disaccharides such as lactose, maltose andsucrose, polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, hyaluronic acid,chitin and chitosan, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and mannitol,organic binders such as cellulose derivatives, e.g.,hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcelluloseand hydroxyethylcellulose, as well as polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinylalcohol, nonionic surfactants, proteins such as gelatin and casein, andsynthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol. Another example ofpreparation for transnasal or transpulmonary application is a CD87ligand molecule, e.g., dry ATF, suspended in fluorocarbon propellant.

In the present invention, the dose of the active component of theanti-HIV agent per body weight of an infected patient is approximately10 μg-10 mg/kg/day for ATF, 10 μg-10 mg/kg/day for HMW-uPA, and 10 μg-10mg/kg/day for an anti-CD87 antibody.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be described in further detail below withreference to working examples. However, it is not intended that thepresent invention be limited by the examples.

Listed below are the materials and methods employed for purification,identification of ATF and for determination of anti-HIV activity of ATF,HMW-uPA and anti-CD87 antibody.

<Materials>

1) Plasmids

-   -   (i) pNL4-3: The plasmid that is deposited with NIH AIDS Research        and Reference Reagent Program, catalog No. 114, was used (FIG.        5). This is a plasmid constructed by incorporating HIV-1        proviral genomic DNA isolated from the genome of an        HIV-1-infected person into pUC18 plasmid vector [Adachi, A. et        al., J. Virol., 59(2):284-291(1986)]. Transfection of a cell        with this plasmid will cause the cell to produce infectious        HIV-1 virus.    -   (ii) pSBR-HIV: This is a plasmid constructed by incorporating as        a promoter the LTR region of pNL4-3 into the basic plasmid of        pSEAP-Basic (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif., U.S.A.) at a location        upstream of its reporter gene, i.e., the secretion-form alkaline        phosphatase (SEAP) gene, and further incorporating a hygromyciri        resistance gene as a selection marker.

This plasmid was prepared through the following process of:

-   -   (a) digesting pSEAP-Basic (FIG. 2)(CLONTECH) with NotI and SalI        to cut out a region (FIG. 2, indicated by the arc) including        SEAP gene, and blunt-ending its NotI site with T4 polymerase,    -   (b) separately, digesting pREP7 (FIG. 3)(INVITROGEN, 9704CH,        Groningen, the Netherlands) with SaII and ClaI to cut out a        region (FIG. 3, indicated by the arc) including hygromycin        resistance gene (Hygromycin), ColE1 and ampicillin resistance        gene (Amp), and blunt-ended its ClaI site with T4 polymerase,    -   (c) ligating the fragment obtained in (a) above with the        fragment obtained in (b) above to construct pSBR (FIG. 4),    -   (d) PCR-amplifying HIV-LTR from pNL4-3 using primers with an        attached XhoI or HindIII site, respectively (FIG. 5), and        digesting the PCR product with XhoI and HindIII, and    -   (e) digesting pSBR obtained in (c) above with HindIII and then        inserting into this digestion product HIV-LTR obtained in (d)        above to construct pSBR-HIV (FIG. 6).

In the above, pSBR-HIV was constructed as an example of a type ofplasmids having HIV-LTR as a promoter and expressing a reporter gene(SEAP in the example). Any other plasmid may be constructed and usedlikewise that has HIV-LTR as a promoter and is able to express asuitable reporter gene.

2) Cells

-   -   (i) HUT.78: The cells deposited with NIH AIDS Research and        Reference Reagent Program, Catalog No. 89, were used. This is a        CD4-positive T cell line established from peripheral blood of a        patient with Sezary syndrome, a chronic cutaneous lymphoma. The        cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FCS        (Gibco/BRL).    -   (ii) U937: The cells deposited with ATCC (American Type Culture        Collection), catalog No. CRL-1593.2, and also with the National        Institute of Health Sciences (Japan), JCRB Catalog No.9021, were        used. This is a CD4-positive monoblast line established from        ascites of a patient with true histiocytic lymphoma. The cells        were cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FCS.    -   (iii) TALL-1: The cells deposited with the National Institute of        Health Sciences (Japan), JCRB Catalog No. 0086, were purchased.        This is a CD4-positive T cell line established from peripheral        blood of a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The cells        were cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FCS.    -   (iv) T4/NL4-3: This cell line was created by transfecting TALL-I        cells with pNL4-3. This is a cell line chronically infected with        HIV-1. The cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10%        FCS and 5 μM AZT.    -   (v) U1: The cells deposited with NIH AIDS Research and Reference        Reagent Program, Catalog No. 165, were purchased. This is a cell        line chronically infected with macrophage-tropic HIV-1 created        by infecting U937 cells with a HIV-1 strain clinically isolated        from peripheral blood of a person infected with HIV-1 [Chen, B.        K., et al., J. Virol., 68(2):654-660(1994)]. The cells were        cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FCS and 5 μM AZT.    -   (vi) MC141: This cell line was created by introducing        HIV-LTR-SEAP reporter gene into HUT.78 cells by transfecting        them with pSBR-HIV. This is a transfectant consistently        expressing SEAP. The cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium        containing 10% FCS and 300 μg/mL hygromycin.    -   (vii) CL-35: This cell line is a transfectant consistently        expressing SEAP and was created by introducing HIV-LTR-SEAP        reporter gene into U937 cells by transfecting them with        pSBR-HIV. The cell were cultured in RPM11640 medium containing        10% FCS and 300 μg/mL hygromycin.    -   (viii) Clone#62: This was obtained by first isolating        CD8-positive T cells from peripheral blood of an HIV-1 infected        Japanese patient having a long lasting symptom-free history,        through positive selection using magnetic beads coated with        anti-CD8 antibody, and then immortalizing the obtained cells by        bringing them into contact with an equal number of cells of an        HTLV-1 producing T cell line, MT-2 (irradiated 100 rad), and        finally, after one-month culture, cloning by means of limiting        dilution. The supernatant of the culture of this clone exhibits        potent SHIF (soluble, HIV reproduction inhibiting factor)        activity. The cells were kept by passage in RPM11640 medium        containing 15% FCS, 10 units/mL IL-2 and 10% PBMC (human        peripheral blood mononuclear cell) conditioned medium.    -   (ix) PBMC: This was obtained by purification of buffy coat from        donated blood using Ficoll-Plaque (Amer sham Pharmacia). Before        use as a conditioned medium, this was cultured for thee days in        RPMI1640 medium containing 3 μg/mL PHA, 1 unit/mL IL-2 and 10%        FCS and, for further six days after replacing the medium with        the same one but free of PHA.        <Preparation of Supernatant of CD8-Positive Clone Culture>

Clone#62 that had been kept by passage in RPMI1640 medium was culturedfor 3-4 days after replacement of its medium with PM 1000 medium (EikenKagaku) containing 5% FCS and 10 units/mL IL-2. One half of the mediumwas collected and cell culture was continued after addition of the sameamount of the fresh medium. The collected supernatant was filteredthrough 0.22 μm filter to remove any precipitates and stored at −80° C.

<Measurement of Anti-HIV Activity>

1) Co-culture Assay:

In a co-culture assay, a cell mixture is cultured consisting of cellsfrom a cell line chronically infected with HIV and those from anon-infected cell line. This offers a testing system including all thestages of the viral life cycle, comprising virus adsorption onnon-infected cells, infection, replication of the virus in the infectedcells and release of the viral particle. Therefore, using such aco-culture system, anti-viral activity of a given test compound can bedetected regardless of the stage on which the compound works, bymeasuring the amount of virus released from the cells and comparing themeasured values between the two conditions, presence or absence of thetest compound. In addition, anti-HIV activity of a test compound can beassessed for T cell-tropic HIV and macrophage-tropic HIV, respectively,by employing a combination of T cell lines (HUT.78 and T4/NL4-3) ormacrophage lines (U1 and U937) as a combination of HIV chronicallyinfected cells and non-infected cells.

Test Procedures: In a 48-well plate were placed 300 μL of a samplediluted with PM1000 medium and 100 μL of RPMI1640 medium containing 6ng/mL TNF α and 20% FCS. To this were added 100 μL of HUT.78 cellsadjusted to 2×10⁵ cells/mL with OPTI-MEM I medium and 100 μL of T4/NL4-3cells suspended in RPMI1640 medium at 5×10⁴ cells/mL (infected T4/NL4-3: non-infected HUT.78=1:4) and the mixture was cultured for three days.One half of the culture supernatant was then replaced with fresh mediumcontaining the same concentration of the sample and culture wascontinued for three more days. The supernatant of the six-day culturewas collected and measured for the amount of the virus (pl7) and theamount of HIV-LTR transcript (SEAP). For measurement, an HIV p17 antigenELISA kit (Eiken Kagaku) and SEAP reporter gene assay chemiluminescentkit (ROCHE) were used according to the manufacturers' instructions. Tothe cells that had been cultured for six days was added 50 μL of MTSassay reagent (water soluble tetrazolium salt) (PROMEGA). The mixturewas cultured for further four hours to allow color to develop, and theoptical density measured at 490 nm, which was deemed to represent thenumber of living cells at the time they were subjected to measurement.

In the same manner, another co-culture system consisting of U1(chronically infected cell line) and U937 (non-infected cell line) (U1:U937=1:4) was also subjected to the assay.

2) Solo-culture Assay of Chronically Infected Cells:

In order to collect information on which stage of HIV life cycle issupressed by ATF as the basis of the ATF's observed overall anti-HIVactivity, ATF was tested for anti-HIV activity in a solo-culture systemconsisting of chronically infected U1 cells. As it was known thatmultiple infection with HIV would not occur in U1 cells, any detectedanti-HIV activity in the U1 cell solo-culture system would provideevidence that ATF acted at the stage of HIV provirus DNA transcriptionor later stages.

Test Procedures: In a 48-well plate was placed 300 μL of a samplediluted with PM1000 medium and 200 μL of RPMI1640 medium containing 6ng/mL TNF a and 15% FCS. To this was added 100 μL of chronicallyinfected cells (U1) adjusted to 2×10⁵ cells/mL with OPTI-MEM I mediumand the mixture was cultured for three days. One half of the culturesupernatant was then replaced with fresh medium containing the sameconcentration of the sample and culture was continued for three moredays. The supernatant of the six-day culture was collected and measuredfor the amount of the virus (p17).

3) Transient Transfection with Infectious HIV-DNA:

It is possible to artificially place infectious HIV-DNA onto the stageof its entering nucleus by forcibly introducing the viral DNA into thecell by means of liposomes. Using this system, it is possible to examinea given test compound for its suppressive activity at later stages ofHIV life cycle than the penetration into the host cells.

Test Procedures: Four μg of infectious HIV-1 DNA (pNL4-3) and 10 μL ofDMRIE-C reagent (GIBCO/BRL) were mixed. The mixture was used totransfect 2×10⁶ MC141 cells. Twenty-four hours later, the cells werecollected and their density was adjusted to 2×10⁵ cells/mL with OPTI-MEMI medium. In a 48-well plate were placed 300 μL of a sample diluted withPM 1000 medium and 200 μL of RPMI1640 medium containing 6 ng/mL TNFα and15% FCS. To this was added 100 μL of the transfected MC141 cells (2×10⁵cells/mL ), and the mixture was cultured for three days. One half of theculture supernatant was then replaced with fresh medium containing thesame concentration of the sample and culture was continued for four moredays. The supernatant was collected eight days after transfection, andmeasured for the amount of the virus (p17) and the amount of HIV-LTRtranscript (SEAP).

4) SEAP Reporter Assay in Non-infected Cells:

In HIV-non-infected cells (MC141 cells and CL35 cells) havingincorporated HIV-LTR-SEAP reporter gene, stimulation with TNF a triggersactivation of the HIV promoter LTR, leading to expression of thesecretion-form alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene incorporated downstreamof the promoter. These cells, therefore, can be used to examine whethera given test compound shows inhibitory activity at the stage of provirustranscription in the HIV life cycle, without involving actualreproduction of HIV. The degree of HIV-LTR transcription activity can bedetermined by measuring SEAP amount in the culture supernatant.

Test Procedures: In a 96-well plate was placed 50 μL of a sample dilutedwith serum-free PM1000 medium and 25 μL of RPMI1640 medium containing 6ng/mL of TNFα and 20% FCS. This then was inoculated with 25 μL of MC141cells or CL35 cells prepared at the density of 2×10⁵ cells/mL withOPTI-MEM I medium (GIBCO/BRL). The cells were cultured with or withoutATF, respectively, and the supernatant of 6-day culture, was collectedand measured for SEAP amount contained in it using SEAP reporter geneassay chemiluminescent kit (ROCHE).

5) Assay of Inhibitory Activity on HIV Reproduction in Acute Infection

(Transfection Assay):

Four μg of infectious HIV-1 DNA (pNL4-3) and 10 μL of DMRIE-C reagent(GIBCO/BRL) were mixed and the mixture was used to transfect 2×10⁶HUT.78 cells. Twenty-four hours later, the cells were collected, washedwith OPTI-MEM I medium, and adjusted to the density of 2×10⁵ cells/mL.In a 48-well plate were placed 300 μL of PM1000 medium containing astepwise-diluted sample or buffer solution and 200 μL of RPMI1640 mediumcontaining 6 ng/mL of TNF a and 15% FCS. To this was added 100 μL of thetransfected HUT.78 cells (2×10⁵ cells/mL), and the mixture was culturedfor four days. One half of the medium then was collected and replacedwith fresh medium containing the same concentration of the sample or thebuffer. The culture was continued for 12 days after infection, duringwhich sampling and replacement of one half of the medium was repeatedevery four days.

Assay was performed in duplicate (n=2), in which the virus amount inculture supernatant was measured using HIV p17 antigen ELISA kit (EikenKagaku).

6) Study of Effect of Anti-CD87 Antibody on Anti-HIV Activity of ATF

As ATF and HMW-uPA had been known to specifically bind to CD87 on thecell surface, it was expected that the anti-HIV activity observed bothwith ATF and HMW-uPA was mediated by their binding to CD87. To confirmthis, a study was carried out to determine whether anti-CD87 antibodycould block the anti-HIV activity of ATF.

Test Procedures: In a 48-well plate were placed 300 μL of anti-CD87monoclonal antibody diluted with PM1000 medium (# 3936 : AMERICANDIAGNOSTICA INC.) and 100 μL of RPMI1640 medium containing 6 ng/mL TNFαand 20% FCS. To this were added 100 μL of MC141 cells adjusted to thedensity of 2×10⁵ cells/mL with OPT-MEM I medium and 100 μL of T4/NL4-3cells suspended at 5×10⁴ cells/mL in RPM11640 medium, and the mixturewas cultured for two hours (the final concentration of the antibody was10 μg/mL). Two hours later, 12 μL of a sample containing ATF (final ATFconcentration was approximately 3.3 ng/mL) was added. After three-dayculture, one half of the culture supernatant was replaced with a freshmedium containing the same concentration of the antibody and the sample,and the culture was continued for further three days. The supernatant ofthe 6-day culture was collected and measured for the virus amount (p17)contained in it. As controls, similar culture was carried out usingmediums not containing either or both of the antibody and ATF,respectively, and a medium containing non-specific IgG in place of theanti-CD87 antibody.

In the same manner, a study was also carried out with a co-culturesystem consisting of infected U1 and non-infected CL35 cells(U1:CL35=1:4).

<Preparation of a Factor Having Anti-HIV Activity>

The whole process of purification below was carried out at 4° C. unlessotherwise mentioned.

-   -   1) First, 1 N hydrochloric acid was added to the supernatant to        adjust the pH of the latter to 2.5 and the supernatant was left        to stand for 24 hours at 4° C. With this treatment, potential        risks of viral infection was eliminated and abundantly contained        interferon γ was inactivated. One N sodium hydroxide solution        then was added to adjust the pH of the mixture to 3.8. Five        hundred mL of the pH-treated culture supernatant was loaded onto        a SP Sepharose High Performance (AMERSHAM PHARMACIA) column (26        mm×10 cm) that had been equilibrated with 25 mM acetate buffer        (pH 3.8) containing 50 mM sodium chloride. After washing with        175 mL of the same buffer, the column was eluted with 175 mL of        50 mM HEPES/NaOH buffer (pH 7.4) (E1), and then with 175 mL of        50 mM HEPES/NaOH buffer (pH 7.4) containing 250 mM sodium        chloride (E2). Each fraction was buffer-exchanged through a        NAP-5 column and subjected to assay of its anti-HIV activity at        50% concentration.    -   2) The activity was found collected in the E2 fraction from the        SP Sepharose High Performance column. Sodium chloride was added        to two lots of E2 fractions (corresponding to 1 L of the culture        supernatant) up to the final concentration of 500 mM. The        solution was loaded onto a Blue Sepharose 6FF (AMERSHAM        PHARMACIA) column (26 mm×10 cm) that had been equilibrated with        50 mM HEPES/NaOH buffer (pH 7.4) containing 500 mM sodium        chloride. After washing with 175 mL of the same buffer, the        column was eluted with 200 mL of 50 mM HEPES/NaOH buffer (pH        7.4) containing 1.8 M sodium chloride and 0.1% CHAPS (E1). The        fraction was buffer-exchanged through a NAP-5 column and        subjected to assay of anti-HIV activity at 33% concentration.    -   3) The activity was found to be collected in the El fraction        from the Blue Sepharose 6FF column. The fraction was loaded onto        a HiPreP Butyl 4FF (AMERSHAM PHARMACIA) column (16 mm×10 cm)        that had been equilibrated with 50 mM HEPES/NaOH buffer (pH 7.4)        containing 1.8 M sodium chloride and 0.1% CHAPS (P). After        washing with 50 mL of the same buffer (W), the column was eluted        with 100 mL of 0.1% CHAPS/water (E). The fraction was        buffer-exchanged through a NAP-5 column and subjected to assay        of anti-HIV activity at 33% concentration.    -   4) The activity was found collected in non-adsorbed fractions (P        and W) from Butyl Sepharose column. Sodium chloride was added to        three lots of the non-adsorbed fractions (corresponding to 3 L        of the culture supernatant) up to the final concentration of        2 M. The solution was loaded onto a HiPreP Phenyl (HighSub) 6FF        (AMERSHAM PHARMACIA) column (16 mm×10 cm) that had been        equilibrated with 50 mM HEPES/NaOH buffer (pH 7.4) containing 2        M sodium chloride and 0.1% CHAPS. After washing with 175 mL of        the same buffer, the column was eluted with 150 mL of 50 mM        HEPES/NaOH buffer (pH 7.4) containing 250 mM sodium chloride and        0.1% CHAPS (E1), and further with 100 mL of 0.1% CHAPS/water        (E2). The fractions were buffer exchanged through a NAP-5 column        and subjected to assay of anti-HIV activity at 25%        concentration.    -   5) The activity was found collected in the E1 fraction. The        fraction was loaded onto a hydroxyapatite (CHT-2, 20 μm; BioRad)        column (10 mm×10 cm) that had been equilibrated with 10 mM        sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) containing 0.1% CHAPS. After        washing with 50 mL of the same buffer (W), the column was eluted        with 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) containing 0.1%        CHAPS (E200). The fraction was buffer-exchanged through a NAP-5        column and subjected to assay of anti-HIV activity at 25%        concentration.    -   6) The activity was found collected in the non-adsorbed fraction        from the hydroxyapatite (P). The fraction was concentrated        approximately forty-fold using a CentriPlus-10 (MW 10,000 cut)        ultrafiltration membrane (AMICON MILLIPORE). The concentrated        active fraction (3.75 mL) was loaded onto a HiPrep Sephacryl        S-100 HR (AMERSHAM PHARMACIA) column (16 mm×60 cm) that had been        equilibrated with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.4)        containing 0.1% CHAPS and 5% glycerol. The column was eluted        with 144 mL of the same buffer and the eluate was collected 2.5        mL each. The fractions were buffer exchanged through a NAP-5        column and subjected to assay of anti-HIV activity at 12.5%        concentration.    -   7) The active fractions were collected, then diluted two-fold        with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.4) containing 0.1%        CHAPS and loaded onto a Resource S (AMERSHAM PHARMACIA) column        (0.64×3 cm) that had been equilibrated with the same buffer.        After washing with 10 mL of the same buffer, the column was        eluted with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.4) containing        0.1% CHAPS with a sodium chloride gradient of 0-500 mM (25 mL in        total), and the eluate was collected 1 mL each. The fractions        were subjected to assay of anti-HIV activity at 2.5%        concentration.    -   8) Active fractions were collected. Three lots of Resource S        active fractions (corresponding to 9 L of the culture        supernatant) were diluted 2.5-fold with 10 mM potassium        phosphate buffer (pH 6.35) containing 0.1% CHAPS and loaded onto        a hydroxyapatite (CHT-2, 20 μm; BioRad) column (0.5×5 cm) that        had been equilibrated with the same buffer. After washing with 5        mL of the same buffer, the column was eluted with a potassium        phosphate gradient of 10 mM-400 mM (pH 6.35) (25 mL in total)        containing 0.1% CHAPS, and the eluate was collected 0.5 mL each.        The fractions were subjected to assay of anti-HIV activity at 1%        concentration. For each fraction, determination of the        anti-viral activity was performed using ELISA of p17 antigen        released in the culture supernatant of a co-culture system        consisting of an HIV chronically infected cell line and an        non-infected cell line (1:4).

In the cases where the sample concentration was 5% or over, the samplewas buffer-exchanged for serum-free PM1000 medium through a NAP-5 column(AMERSHAM PHARMACIA) that had been equilibrated with the medium in orderto exclude any influence of the excess salt coming from the process ofchromatography. Where the sample concentration was lower than 5%, thesample was directly loaded, and fractions that had been obtained by ablank run of the chromatography were used as controls to eliminate anyinfluence of the salt coming from the process of chromatography.

The results are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. In FIG. 7, closed squaresrepresent the anti-viral activity of the fractions assayed, the phantomline the UV absorption curve of the eluate, and the ascending line theconcentration of potassium phosphate corresponding to each fraction,respectively. FIG. 8 shows SDS/PAGE electrophoresis (reductivecondition) of fractions 8-19. As seen in FIGS. 7 and 8, bands of about18 kDa were detected in fractions exhibiting anti-HIV activity asdetermined in terms of the inhibition of p17 release.

-   -   9) Active fractions were collected and concentrated 15-fold        using a Centricon-10 (MW 10,000 cut) ultrafiltration membrane        (MILLIPORE). To the concentrate of two lots of active fractions        from the hydroxyapatite column (corresponding to 18 L of the        culture supernatant), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was added to        make a final concentration of 0.2% and the mixture was loaded        onto a Resource RPC column (AMERSHAM PHARMACIA) column        (0.64×3 cm) that had been equilibrated with 0.2% trifluoroacetic        acid/water. After washing with 5 mL of the buffer, the column        was eluted with 5 mL of eluant with a gradient of up to 0.2%        TFA/30% acetonitrile, then with 15 mL of eluant with a gradient        of up to 0.2% TFA/50% acetonitrile, and finally with 5 mL of        eluant with a gradient of up to 0.2% TFA/100% acetonitrile, and        the eluate was collected 0.5 mL each. This reverse-phase column        chromatography was carried out at 10° C. The anti-HIV activity        was determined at 0.2% concentration. As a result, bands of 18        kDa were also detected on SDS/PAGE in the respective eluate        fractions from this Resource RPC column that exhibited anti-HIV        activity.

The active fractions, which were collected and dried under reducedpressure, gave about 0.9 μg (500 pmol) of the 18 kDa protein. Foractivity assay, this protein was dissolved in a phosphate buffer (PBS)containing 0.5% BSA and 0.1% CHAPS. For sequencing, the protein wasdissolved in a SDS/PAGE sample buffer.

<Amino Acid Sequencing>

A portion of the 18 kDa protein purified above was subjected toSDS/PAGE, stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), and correspondingbands was cut out. The cut out piece of the gel was directly trypsinizedand subjected to peptide mapping. Three of the obtained peaks wereanalyzed for their amino acid sequence on a sequencer. As a result, thepresence of the following inner sequences was found.

-   -   the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:3 (Fragment 1)    -   the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:4 (Fragment 2)    -   the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:5 (Fragment 3)

The amino acid sequences of Fragments 1, 2 and 3 matched with thesequence of the amino-terminal fragment (ATF, also called “long Achain”) of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. The results of peptidemapping and amino acid sequencing revealed that the protein purifiedabove was ATF.

<Purification of ATF from Urokinase Bulk Material>

In the active fraction, no band was detected corresponding to thesingle-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator, the HMW-uPA, or theLMW-uPA. This strongly suggested that ATF exhibited the anti-HIVactivity. The present inventors were then prepared ATF from human urineurokinase bulk material and assessed its anti-HIV activity as describedbelow.

A 4.5-mL aliquot of human urine urokinase bulk material (JUN-9604)(containing approximately 50,000-unit urokinase) produced at SeishinFactory of JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. was loaded onto a HiPrepSephacryl S-100 column (16 mm×60 cm) that had been equilibrated with 10mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.4) containing 0.1% CHAPS and 100 mMsodium chloride. The column was eluted with 144 mL of the same bufferand the eluate was collected 2.5 mL each. The activity was measured at1% concentration.

As a result of the analysis, it was found that the above urokinase bulkmaterial comprised HMW-uPA, LMW-uPA and ATF, at a proportion of about9:1:1. Among the fractions through the HiPrep Sephacryl S-100 column,those containing only ATF (Nos. 27-33) exhibited potent anti-HIVactivity (inhibition of p17 release) (FIGS. 9 and 10). This indicatesthat ATF has an anti-HIV activity, as was expected from the previoustest performed with soluble HIV reproduction-suppressing factor purifiedfrom clone#62 supernatant.

In addition to the anti-HIV activity of ATF, the fractions containingHMW-uPA (Nos. 15-18) also were found to have anti-HIV activity (p17),thought that was weaker than ATF (FIGS. 9 and 10).

<Results of Assay of ATF's Anti-HIV Activity in Co-culture systems>

The purified ATF concentration-dependently lowered the amount of p17appearing in the supernatant of the co-culture consisting either of theT cell lines or the macrophage lines. The rate of inhibition at theconcentration of 1.5 ng/mL was about 40% (FIGS. 11 and 12). As theaddition of ATF did not alter the rate of proliferation of the culturedcells as compared with the control (FIGS. 11 and 12), it was clear thatATF did not affect cell proliferation and was not cytotoxic. Thesefindings indicate that the anti-HIV activity observed with ATF is notdue to some kind of cytotoxicity, that ATF exhibits anti-HIV activity atvery low concentrations, and that ATF exhibits substantially comparableanti-HIV activity against both of T cell-tropic HIV andmacrophage-tropic HIV.

<Results of SEAP Reporter Assay in Culture of Non-infected Cells>

See FIGS. 13 and 14. In the SEAP reporter assay in the solo-culture ofMC141 and CL35 cells, ATF did not affect the amount of alkalinephosphatase in the culture supernatant of either type of the cells(FIGS. 13 and 14). This indicates that ATF does not inhibit HIVreproduction at the stages of HIV-LTR-promoted transcription ortranslation that follows to it. Under the conditions described, it wasalso confirmed that ATF did not affect the rate of proliferation of thecells (FIGS. 13 and 14).

<Results of Temporary Transfection with Infectious HIV-DNA>

See FIG. 15. Also in the assay using MC141 cells temporarily transfectedwith infectious HIV-DNA (pNL4-3), 1.5 ng/mL ATF suppressed the releaseof HIV p17 into the culture supernatant by about 60%. However, ATF hadno effect on SEAP expression, therefore on transcription promotingactivity of LTR. No influence was observed on the rate of proliferationof the cells, either.

The fact that the release of p17 was inhibited by ATF while the level ofLTR-promoted transcription was not affected by ATF, indicates that ATF'sobserved anti-HIV activity was not resulting from any inhibition at thestages of LTR-promoted transcription, HIV-tat-enhanced transcription orsubsequent translation, and suggests that the observed anti-HIV activitywas the result of inhibition at some later stages following translation,i.e., HIV particle assembling or budding.

<Results of Solo-culture Assay of Chronically Infected Cells>

See FIG. 16. In the solo-culture assay of chronically infected cells(U1), 1.5 ng/mL ATF inhibited the release into the culture supernatantof the viral antigen p17 by about 50%. However, intracellular p17 wasnot affected by ATF. ATF did not affect the rate of proliferation of thecells, either.

As it is known that multiple infection with HIV will not take place inU1 cells, anti-HIV activity detectable in U1 cell solo culture islimited to such an activity that works at the stage of transcription ofproviral DNA or later stages. Therefore, the suppression by ATF of therelease of viral particles (p17) in the U1 cell solo culture indicatesthat ATF has suppressive activity at the stage of transcription ofproviral DNA or later stages. On the other hand, as ATF did not affectthe amount of intracellular p17, it is apparent that ATF does not affectany of the stages from transcription of HIV provirus DNA to translationof HIV mRNA. This result from the solo-culture assay of the chronicallyinfected cells is the same as the result obtained from theaforementioned temporary transfection assay. These findings stronglysuggest that ATF suppresses some later stages after translation of HIVmRNA, i.e., stages from HIV particle assembling to budding of viralparticles.

<Result of Assay of Inhibitory Activity on Reproduction of HIV in AcuteInfection (Transfection Assay)>

See FIG. 17, which illustrates the profile of virus amount over the daysfollowing the start of the culture. It is seen in the figure that, inthe control group, the amount of the virus rapidly increased during theperiod from the 8th to 12th days after the start of the culture. Therewas found little influence of the buffers used. In ATF groups, on theother hand, the rate of virus reproduction was markedly reduced, and thesuppression of viral reproduction was found dependent on ATFconcentrations. Furthermore, the rate of suppression of virusreproduction increased with the lapse of culture days (see FIG. 18),showing more than 75% at 0.74 ng/mL ATF, and more than 87% at 2.22 ng/mLATF, respectively, after 12 days of infection.

<Effect of anti-CD87 Antibody on Anti-HIV Activity of ATF>

See FIG. 19. In the co-culture system of T cell lines, T4/NL4-3 andMC141, nearly equal suppression of p17 release into the culturesupernatant was observed irrespective of the medium used, i.e., a mediumcontaining 3.3 ng/mL ATF only or a medium containing both of 3.3 ng/mLATF and 10 μg/mL monoclonal antibody to CD87, which is the receptor forATF and HMW-uPA. On the other hand, 10 μg/mL anti-CD87 antibody itselfwas found to anti-HIV activity have largely comparable to 3.3 ng/mL ATF.As comparable levels of suppression of p17 release were observed withmediums containing anti-CD87 antibody or ATF or both of them, it isconsidered that both ATF and anti-CD87 antibody act through a commontarget molecule on the cell. In addition, the culture performed in thepresence of non-specific IgG in place of anti-CD87 antibody gave thesame result as the result obtained from the culture without anyantibody. This finding indicates that the observed anti-HIV activity ofanti-CD87 antibody depends on its specificity. Therefore, the antibodyis considered to have suppressed HIV release through specific binding toCD87 on the cell. That the addition of ATF to the medium containinganti-CD87 antibody caused no enhancement of suppression of HIV releaseis considered to be due to ATF being kept from binding to CD87, whichhad already been blocked by anti-CD87 antibody. More importantly, sinceanti-CD87 antibody and ATF both exhibit anti-HIV activity (p17) in the Tcell lines and both are compounds specifically binding to CD87, the testresults obtained above indicate that specific binding of CD87 to itsligand molecules causes, by some unknown mechanisms in the cell,suppression of HIV release (at the stage of assembling or budding).

On the other hand, in the co-culture system consisting of macrophagelines U1 and U937 (see FIG. 20), addition of anti-CD87 antibody blockedthe anti-HIV activity of ATF almost completely. In addition, anti-CD87antibody did not show anti-HIV activity in these cell lines. Theseresults, therefore, differ from the above results obtained with T celllines. However, this discrepancy can be explained as follows; anti-CD87antibody did not exhibit anti-HIV activity on macrophages for somereason and acted simply to block CD87 and thereby prevented ATF frombinding to CD87 in a cell culture in a medium containing both ATF andanti-CD87 antibody. Therefore, the previous conclusion that ATFsuppresses HIV reproduction via binding to CD87 is also supported by thefact that ATF's anti-HIV activity was blocked by anti-CD87 antibody inthe macrophage lines.

CD87 as well as its complex is localized on a sphingolipid-rich cellsurface structure called “lipid raft” [Koshelnic, Y. et al., Thromb.Haemost., 82(2):305-311(1999)], while budding of HIV is reported to takeplace selectively in the region of lipid raft [Nguyen, D. H. et al., J.Virol., 74(7):3264-3272(2000)]. In addition, it is known that Thy-1,which is also localized in the region of lipid raft, is selectivelytaken up by HIV in its envelope [Nguyen, D. H. et al., J. Virol.,74(7):3264-3272(2000)]. Put together, these reports and the findingsfrom the experiments by the present inventors suggest a probablemechanism that ligands molecules to CD87, such as ATF, inhibit buddingof HIV by acting, via CD87, on component molecules of the lipid raft.

Preparation Example 1 Preparation for Intravenous, Subcutaneous orIntramuscular Injection

According to the following formula, necessary amount of the componentsare mixed to form a solution, and the solution is filter-sterilizedthrough a membrane filter with the pore size of 0.22 μm to make anintended preparation. ATF 10 mg Mannitol 50 mg Distilled water to 1 mL

Preparation Example 2 Preparation for Intravenous, Subcutaneous orIntramuscular Injection

According to the following formula, necessary amount of the basecomponents are mixed to form a solution. After addition of ATF, thesolution is made to volume and filter-sterilized through a membranefilter with the pore size of 0.22 μm to make an intended preparation.ATF 50 mg Sodium chloride 8.6 mg Potassium chloride 0.3 mg Calciumchloride 0.33 mg Distilled water for injection to 1 mL

Preparation Example 3 Preparation for Intravenous, Subcutaneous orIntramuscular Injection

According to the following formula, necessary amount of the basecomponents are mixed to form a solution. After addition of ATF, thesolution is made to volume and filter-sterilized through a membranefilter with the pore size of 0.22 μm to make an intended preparation.ATF 50 mg Sodium chloride 8.3 mg Potassium chloride 0.3 mg Calciumchloride 0.33 mg Sodium hydrogen phosphate•12H₂O 1.8 mg 1N hydrochloricacid q.s. (pH 7.4) Distilled water for injection to 1 mL

Preparation Example 4 Preparation for Intravenous, Subcutaneous orIntramuscular Injection

According to the following formula, necessary amount of the basecomponents are mixed to form a solution. After addition of ATF, thesolution is made to volume and filter-sterilized through a membranefilter with the pore size of 0.22 μm to make an intended preparation.ATF 50 mg Sodium chloride 8.3 mg Potassium chloride 0.3 mg Calciumchloride 0.33 mg Glucose 0.4 mg Sodium hydrogen phosphate•12H₂O 18 mg 1Nhydrochloric acid q.s. (pH 7.4) Distilled water for injection to 1 mL

Preparation Example 5 Preparation for Pulmonary Administration

According to the following formula, ATF and lactose are weighed anddissolved in 120 mL of purified water to provide a spray solution, andsubjected to spray drying by a conventional method to form a preparationfor pulmonary administration. ATF  100 mg Lactose (monohydrate) 2900 mgTotal 3000 mg

Preparation Example 6 Preparation for Pulmonary Administration

According to the following formula, ATF and hydroxypropylcellulose areweighed and dissolved in 120 mL of purified water to provide a spraysolution, and subjected to spray drying by a conventional method to forma preparation for pulmonary administration. ATF  100 mgHydroxypropylcellulose 2900 mg Total 3000 mg

Preparation Example 7 Preparation for Pulmonary Administration

According to the following formula, ATF and hydrogenated lecithin areweighed and dissolved in 120 mL of purified water to provide a spraysolution, and subjected to spray drying by a conventional method to forma preparation for pulmonary administration. ATF  100 mg Hydrogenatedlecithin 2900 mg Total 3000 mg

Preparation Example 8 Preparation for Pulmonary Administration

According to the following formula, ATF, hydroxypropylcellulose andD-mannitol are weighed and dissolved in 90 mL of purified water toprovide a spray solution, and subjected to spray drying by aconventional method to form a preparation for pulmonary administration.ATF  240 mg Hydroxypropylcellulose  129 mg D-mannitol 2631 mg Total 3000mg

The present invention provides a novel type of anti-HIV agent thatsuppresses HIV reproduction in an infected patient by a differentmechanism of action from those known with conventional drugs. Thus, thepresent invention serves to widen a choice of AIDS therapeutic meansaiming for both prophylaxis before, and treatment after, the onset ofthe disease, thereby improving efficacy of AIDS therapies in combinationwith conventional anti-HIV drugs.

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 13. A method for treating an HIV-infectedhuman for suppression of reproduction of HIV in the human comprisingadministering to the human an HIV reproduction-suppressive amount of aligand molecule binding to CD87.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein theligand molecule binding to CD87 is the high molecular weighturokinase-type plasminogen activator.
 15. The method of claim 14 whereinthe ligand molecule binding to CD87 is a fragment of or a analogue tothe high molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator, whereinthe fragment or the analogue has a specific binding affinity to CD87.16. The method of claim 14 wherein the ligand molecule binding to CD87is ATF.
 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the ligand molecule bindingto CD87 is a fragment of or an analogue to ATF, wherein the fragment orthe analogue has a specific binding affinity to CD87.
 18. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the ligand molecule binding to CD87 is an anti-CD87antibody.
 19. The method of claim 14 wherein the ligand molecule bindingto CD87 is a fragment of or an analogue to an anti-CD87 antibody,wherein the fragment or analogue has a specific binding affinity toCD87.
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 35. A method for treating an HIV-1-infectedhuman for suppression of reproduction of HIV-1 in the human comprising:injecting the human with an HIV-1 reproduction-suppressive amount of ananti-HIV-1 pharmaceutical composition for injection comprising anamino-terminal fragment of the high molecular weight urokinase-typeplasminogen activator (HMW-uPA) as an active component, the fragmentbeing contained in a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous medium, wherein thefragment comprises amino acids 21-155 of the prepro-urokinase (sc-uPA)and does not extend beyond amino acid 178 of the sc-uPA.
 36. The methodaccording to claim 35, wherein the fragment consists of amino-acids21-155 of the sc-uPA.
 37. A method for treating an HIV-1-infected humanfor suppression of reproduction of HIV-1 in the human comprisinginjecting the human with an HIV-1 reproduction-suppressive amount of ananti-HIV-1 pharmaceutical composition for injection comprising anamino-terminal fragment of the high molecular weight urokinase-typeplasminogen activator (HMW-uPA) as an active component, the fragmentbeing contained in a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous medium, wherein thefragment contains an EGF-like domain, a Kringle domain and a urokinasereceptor binding domain of the high molecular weight urokinase-typeplasminogen activator (HMW-uPA) and no portion of the B-chain of theHMW-uPA.
 38. The method according to claim 35, wherein the aqueousmedium is selected from the group consisting of water and an aqueoussolution of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inert solutes andthe non-aqueous medium is selected from the group consisting ofpolyalcohols, vegetable oils and organic esters.
 39. The methodaccording to claim 36, wherein the aqueous medium is selected from thegroup consisting of water and an aqueous solution of one or morepharmaceutically acceptable inert solutes and the non-aqueous medium isselected from the group consisting of polyalcohols, vegetable oils andorganic esters.
 40. The method according to claims 37, wherein theaqueous medium is selected from the group consisting of water and anaqueous solution of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inertsolutes and the non-aqueous medium is selected from the group consistingof polyalcohols, vegetable oils and organic esters.
 41. A method fortreating an HIV-1-infected human for suppression of reproduction ofHIV-1 in the human comprising: transnasally or transpulmonarily applyingto the human an anti-HIV-1 pharmaceutical composition for transnasal ortranspulmonary application in the form of a dry powder consisting of anamino-terminal fragment of the high molecular weight urokinase-typeplasminogen activator (HMW-uPA) as an active component and a carrier,wherein the fragment comprises amino acids 21-155 of theprepro-urokinase (sc-uPA) and does not extend beyond the amino acid 178of the sc-uPA.
 42. The method according to claim 41, wherein thefragment consists of amino-acids 21-155 of the sc-uPA.
 43. A method fortreating an HIV-1-infected human for suppression of reproduction ofHIV-1 in the human comprising: transnasally or transpulmonarily applyingto the human an anti-HIV-1 pharmaceutical composition for transnasal ortranspulmonary application in the form of a dry powder consisting of anamino-terminal fragment of the high molecular weight urokinase-typeplasminogen activator (HMW-uPA) as an active component and a carrier,wherein the fragment contains an EGF-like domain, a Kringle domain and aurokinase receptor binding domain of the high molecular weighturokinase-type plasminogen activator (HMW-uPA) and no portion of theB-chain of the HMW-uPA.
 44. The method according to claim 41, whereinthe carrier is at least one compound selected from the group consistingof monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, sugar alcohols,hydroxypropylccellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, nonionic surfactants, gelatin, casein, polyethylene glycol and hydrogenatedlecithin.
 45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the carrier isat least one compound selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, sugar alcohols,hydroxypropylccellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, nonionicsurfactants, gelatin, casein, polyethylene glycol and hydrogenatedlecithin.
 46. The method according to claim 43, wherein the carrier isat least one compound selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, sugar alcohols,hydroxypropylccellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, nonionicsurfactants, gelatin, casein, polyethylene glycol and hydrogenatedlecithin.